Physiological dead space – this is the sum of the anatomical dead space, and any extra dead space caused by alveolar damage.Flow-controlled ventilation maintains gas exchange and lung aeration in a pediatric model of healthy and injured lungs: a randomized cross-over experimental studyīy Enk D, Spraider P, Abram J, Barnes T.This space that the air fills is known as the anatomical dead space. Anatomical dead space – about 150ml of every 500ml of inhaled air (so 30%) will fill the bronchi and not the alveoli – and this air is obviously not available for gaseous exchange.Children will breathe more rapidly at approximately 18-20 breaths per minute. Respiratory rate – the normal respiratory rate in an adult is 12-18 breaths per minute – this is roughly one for every 4 heartbeats.Cold air and chemical irritants can also have a similar effect Bronchoconstriction – is stimulated by histamine and the parasympathetic nervous system.Bronchodilation – is stimulated by adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system. Respiratory distress syndrome sometimes exists in new born infants – and it is caused by a lack of surfactant – it makes it very difficult for the baby to breathe because the high fluid tension makes it difficult for the lungs to expand.This contains both I and E (expiratory) neurons, and it is active in forced breathing. The VRG (ventral respiratory group) are also found in the medulla.They are active in every breath, whether quiet or forced. The DRG (Dorsal respiratory group) is a group of neurons in the medulla. These patients will require mechanical ventilation for the rest of their lives (but usually only during sleep). It is also known as primary alveolar hypoventilation. It occurs in 1 in 200,000 live births, but can also occur as a result of trauma to the brainstem, or poliomyelitis.
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